Breast mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: A case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, also known as extranodal marginal zone lymphoma, is more commonly detected in the stomach and rarely in the breast. Our study presented a clinical and pathological examination of a patient diagnosed with breast MALT lymphoma, supplemented with pertinent research, to offer guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. PEOPLE CONCERNS: The occurrence of breast MALT lymphoma has risen in the past decade, but its etiology, progression and treatment response are less well-studied. DIAGNOSIS: Breast MALT lymphoma was diagnosed by excisional biopsy and histopathology. INTERVENTIONS: Following breast MALT lymphoma diagnosis, the patient was transferred to the hematology department for further treatment, and she made the decision to continue observing. OUTCOMES: After 3 months of observation, the patient remained asymptomatic. CONCLUSION: Breast MALT lymphoma is an indolent disease with an asymptomatic presentation, There are no standardized treatment guidelines for breast MALT lymphoma, treatment must be tailored to the patient willingness to treat and the severity of the disease. Hence, in order to give patients a better chance of cure, more research is needed to explore its pathogenesis and more clinical trials are needed investigate the treatment of this disease.

H pylori-Negative MALT-Associated Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma: A Comprehensive Case Report and Literature Review.

Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (ENMZL) of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), a rare subtype of B-cell lymphoma, is typically associated with Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection, especially in gastric cases. However, this article presents 2 unique cases of H pylori-negative colonic ENMZL, challenging the conventional understanding of the disease. The first case involves an 80-year-old male diagnosed with Stage 1E ENMZL in the descending colon, and the second describes a 74-year-old male with sigmoid colon ENMZL. Both cases lacked H pylori infection, adding complexity to their management. Accompanying these case studies is a comprehensive literature review, delving into the epidemiology, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of H pylori-negative ENMZL, with a focus on gastrointestinal involvement. This review highlights the importance of considering H pylori-negative cases in ENMZL diagnosis and management, illustrating the need for further research and individualized treatment approaches in this uncommon lymphoma subtype.

[Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and management of ocular adnexal extranodal marginal zone mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (2023 edition)].

Ocular adnexal extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (OAML) is a common malignant tumor that affects the ocular adnexal region. The incidence of OAML is increasing due to the aging population. The tumor invades the ocular adnexal region, which can result in abnormal ocular appearance and function, thereby reducing the quality of life. Currently, there is no standardized diagnosis and management guideline for OAML. To enhance the standardization of diagnosis and management in OAML, a collaborative effort was undertaken by esteemed organizations in China. The Cellular Immune Therapy Committee of China Association for Promotion of Health Science and Technology, the Ocular Tumor Committee of Chinese Medical Doctor Association for Ophthalmologist Branch, the Imaging Medicine Branch of Chinese International Exchange and Promotion Association for Medical and Healthcare, the Tumor and Microecology Professional Committee of China Anti-cancer Association, and the Lymphoma Immunotherapy Committee of Beijing Cancer Prevention Society jointly convened a panel of experts to develop the inaugural "Chinese Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Management of ocular adnexal extranodal marginal zone mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (2023 edition)"..

Primary central nervous system marginal zone lymphoma.

Marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) is the most common indolent lymphoma primarily arising in the central nervous system (CNS). To date, 207 cases of primary CNS MZL (PCNSMZL) were published, mostly as single case reports or small case series. It most commonly presents as extra-axial dural-based masses, more frequently in middle-aged women, displaying an insidious onset, with a long history of symptoms preceding the diagnosis. PCNSMZL can be radiographically mistaken for meningioma. PCNSMZL consists of CD20+ , CD3- small B lymphocytes with varying degrees of plasmacytic differentiation and low proliferation index. Trisomy 3, but not MALT1 or IgH translocation, is a common genetic abnormality. Other recurrent genetic abnormalities involve TNFAIP3 and NOTCH2. Ethiopathogenesis was poorly investigated. Due to its rarity, standard of care remains to be defined; it exhibits an excellent prognosis after varied treatments, such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or their combinations. Nevertheless, each treatment should be considered after an accurate analysis of overtreatment risk. Short follow-up is a major limitation in reported PCNSMZL cases, which restrains our knowledge on long-term results and iatrogenic sequels. This review was focussed on presentation, differential diagnoses, pathological findings, treatment options and clinical outcomes of PCNSMZL; recommendations for best clinical practice are provided.

Comprehensive analysis of orbital lymphoma in a Turkish cohort: clinical characteristics, histological subtypes, treatment modalities, prognostic factors, and implications for management.

The study analysed the clinical characteristics, treatment approaches, and survival outcomes of 97 consecutive patients with orbital lymphoma (OL) over a 25-year period at. The median age of the patients was 57.6 years, and 59.8% (n = 58) were male. Marginal zone lymphoma constitutes the most prevalent subtype, accounting for 67% of cases, whereas other common subtypes include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, and T-cell lymphomas. Unilateral involvement was observed in the majority of cases (72.3%). Common clinical presentations included mass (30.9%), swelling (26.8%), and epiphora (11.3%). Of the patients, 7.2% received rituximab alone, 14.4% received radiotherapy alone, 48.5% received chemotherapy, 27.8% received radiotherapy plus rituximab, 22.7% received radiotherapy plus chemotherapy, and 5.2% underwent surgery as the first-line treatment. During a median follow-up of 4.3 years, 15.5% of patients experienced relapse or disease progression. The 5-year and 10-year progression-free survival rates were 84.1% and 79.1%, respectively. This study contributes to our understanding of OLs and provides a foundation for further investigations in this field. Male gender, presence of B symptoms, advanced stage, secondary orbital lymphoma, aggressive histological subtype, and elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase levels were associated with poorer (either inferior or worse) progression-free survival.

Lymphomas affecting the submandibular glands.

BACKGROUND: Lymphomas affecting the submandibular glands are very uncommon and few reports are currently available in the literature. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to describe the clinical and microscopic features of an original series of lymphomas affecting the submandibular glands. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The pathology files of two institutions were searched for lymphoma cases affecting the submandibular glands. The original hematoxylin and eosin, and immunohistochemical slides were revised by a pathologist for diagnosis confirmation following the revised 4th edition of the World Health Organization classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Clinical data regarding age, sex, clinical manifestation, treatment, follow-up and status at last appointment were retrieved from the patients' medical charts. RESULTS: During the period investigated, 16 cases were included in the study. Females predominated (10:6) with a mean age of 57.8 years-old. Tumors usually presented as asymptomatic swellings. MALT lymphoma represented the most common subtype, followed by diffuse large B cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. Three patients died, one of them affected by plasmablastic lymphoma, one by DLBCL and one by MALT lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS: Low-grade B cell lymphomas predominate in the submandibular glands, but DLBCL and other subtypes may also be rarely diagnosed in this salivary gland.

A Rare Case of Subcutaneous Amyloidoma Associated with Localized Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma: Diagnostic Challenges and Treatment Considerations.

BACKGROUND AL amyloidomas are solitary, localized, tumor-like deposits of immunoglobulin light-chain-derived amyloid fibrils in the absence of systemic amyloidosis. A rare entity, they have been described in various anatomical sites, typically in spatial association with a sparse lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, ultimately corresponding to a clonal, malignant, lymphomatous disorder accounting for the amyloidogenic activity. Most frequently, the amyloidoma-associated hematological disorder corresponds to either a solitary plasmacytoma or an extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of MALT. Much rarer is the association with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, which by itself is usually a bone marrow-bound disorder with systemic burden. The almost anecdotic combination of an amyloidoma and a localized lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma deserves attention, as it entails a thorough diagnostic workup to exclude systemic involvement and a proportionate therapeutic approach to avoid overtreatment. A review of the literature provides an insight on pathogenesis and prognosis, and can assist both pathologists and clinicians in establishing optimal patient management strategies. CASE REPORT We herein report the incidental finding of a subcutaneous amyloidoma caused by a spatially related, similarly localized lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma diagnosed in a 54-year-old female patient with no other disease localizations and a complete remission following 2 subsequent surgical excisions. CONCLUSIONS Whatever the specific combination of an amyloidoma and the related hematological neoplasm, a multidisciplinary collaboration and a comprehensive clinical-pathological staging are warranted to exclude systemic involvement and identify patients with localized diseases who would benefit from local active treatment and close follow-up.

A population-based study of transformed marginal zone lymphoma: identifying outcome-related characteristics.

Histological transformation of marginal zone lymphoma (tMZL) into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is associated with poor outcomes. Clinical characteristics associated with transformation risk and outcome after transformation are largely unknown due to scarcity of data. In this population-based study, competing risk analyses were performed to elucidate clinical characteristics associated with developing transformation among 1793 MZL patients using the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Cox regression analyses were performed to elucidate clinical characteristics associated with risk of relapse and mortality after transformation. Transformation occurred in 75 (4%) out of 1793 MZL patients. Elevated LDH and nodal MZL subtype at MZL diagnosis were associated with an increased risk, and radiotherapy with a reduced risk of developing tMZL. Most tMZL patients received R-(mini)CHOP (n = 53, 71%). Age >60 years and (immuno)chemotherapy before transformation were associated with an increased risk of relapse and mortality after transformation. Two-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 66% (95% CI 52-77%) and 75% (95% CI 62-85%) for R-(mini)CHOP-treated tMZL patients, as compared to a PFS and OS both of 41% (95% CI 19-63%) for patients treated otherwise. Our study offers comprehensive insights into characteristics associated with transformation and survival after transformation, thereby optimizing guidelines and patient counseling.

Current evidence on diagnosis and treatment of parotid gland lymphomas: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Parotid gland lymphoma (PGL) is a rare and challenging diagnosis. Different lymphomas can develop in the parotid gland, with the most common being the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, which originates directly from the glandular parenchyma. Other histologic subtypes arise from both intraglandular and extraglandular parotid lymph nodes. A consensus on diagnosis and treatment of PGL is still lacking, and published data is scarce and heterogeneous. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the literature, including studies published after 2001, when the WHO classification of lymphoid tumours was introduced. RESULTS: Twenty retrospective studies were included in the analyses, eight of which focused exclusively on MALT lymphomas. Final analysis included 612 cases of PGL, with a 1.68:1 F/M ratio. MALT lymphoma was the most common histology, followed by follicular and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Most cases were low stages (IE/IIE acc. Ann Arbour, 76.5%) and only 10% of patients presented with symptoms, most commonly pain (4.8%) and B symptoms (2.2%). A high prevalence of associated autoimmune diseases was found, particularly Sjögren's syndrome, that affected up to 70% of patients with MALT lymphoma. In most cases diagnosis was achieved through parotidectomy (57.5%), or open biopsy (31.2%). Treatment strategies were either surgical, non-surgical or a combination of modalities. Surgery as a single-modality treatment was reported in about 20% of patients, supposing it might be a valuable option for selected patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our review showed that the diagnosis and treatment of PGLs is far from being standardized and needs further, more homogeneous reports to reach consensus.

Marginal zone lymphoma: 2023 update on diagnosis and management.

DISEASE OVERVIEW: Marginal zone lymphomas (MZL) are collectively the second most common type of indolent lymphoma. DIAGNOSIS: Three subtypes of MZL are recognized: splenic, extranodal, and nodal. The diagnosis is secured following biopsy of an involved nodal or extranodal site demonstrating a clonal B-cell infiltrate with CD5 and CD10 negative immunophenotype most common. Some cases will features IgM paraprotein, but MYD88 L256P mutations are less frequent than in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Prognostication Several prognostic models have been developed, including the MALT-IPI and the MZL-IPI. The latter is broadly applicable across MZL subtypes and incorporates elevated serum LDH, anemia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and nodal or disseminated subtypes as independent predictors of outcome. TREATMENT: We discuss suggested approach to therapy for both early and advanced-stage disease, with reference to chemo-immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and emerging treatments in relapsed/refractory disease such as BTK inhibitors.

NGS-based IgH gene rearrangement monitoring predicts relapse and guides maintenance therapy in DLBCL: A case report from indolent lymphoma to aggressive lymphoma.

This report describes a case of extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (ENMZL) of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma that transformed to diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in a 39-year-old female patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). The patient presented with MALT lymphoma in the thyroid tissue and DLBCL in the multiple site invasions, including the ovary, breast, and lymph nodes. We assessed the Ig gene rearrangement and mutation profile in lymphoma involved tissues and the collected stem cells. V(D)J sequence of the tumor clonotype detected in thyroid, ovary, and breast was identical, revealing a shared origin of the malignant lymphoma. Noticeably, a small percentage of tumor clonotype (the highest-ranking clonotype in tumor tissues) was detected in the stem cell sample, suggesting the malignant cells was residual in the stem cells, likely conferred disease relapse following ASCT. This patient recieved BTK inhibitor combined with radiotherapy to eradicate the residual tumor cells based on the V(D)J sequence monitoring after ASCT. Now the patient remains in complete remission following 12 months of ASCT.

Retrospective characterization of nodal marginal zone lymphoma.

Nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL) is a rare non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma that has historically been difficult to define, though is now formally recognized by the World Health Organization Classification. To better characterize the clinical outcomes of patients with NMZL, we reviewed a sequential cohort of 187 patients with NMZL to describe baseline characteristics, survival outcomes, and time-to-event data. Initial management strategies were classified into five categories: observation, radiation, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy, chemoimmunotherapy, or other. Baseline Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index scores were calculated to evaluate prognosis. A total of 187 patients were analyzed. The five-year overall survival was 91% (95% confidence interval [CI], 87-95), with a median follow-up time of 71 months (range, 8-253) among survivors. A total of 139 patients received active treatment at any point, with a median follow-up time of 56 months (range, 13-253) among survivors who were never treated. The probability of remaining untreated at five years was 25% (95% CI, 19-33). For those initially observed, the median time to active treatment was 72 months (95% CI, 49-not reached). For those who received at least one active treatment, the cumulative incidence of receiving a second active treatment at 60 months was 37%. Transformation to large B-cell lymphoma was rare, with a cumulative incidence of 15% at 10 years. In summary, our series is a large cohort of uniformly diagnosed NMZL with detailed analyses of survival and time to event analyses. We showed that NMZL commonly presents as an indolent lymphoma for which initial observation is often a reasonable strategy.

Fast Track Management of Primary Thyroid Lymphoma in the Very Elderly Patient.

A rapid growing cervical mass mobile while swallowing is the most common clinical presentation of severe thyroid malignancy. A 91-year-old female patient with a history of Hashimoto thyroiditis presented with clinical compressive neck symptoms. The patient had gastric Maltoma diagnosed that was surgically resected thirty years ago. A straightforward process was needed to reach full histological diagnosis and initiate prompt therapy. Ultrasound (US) showed a 67 mm hypoechoic left thyroid mass with reticulated pattern without signs of locoregional invasion. Percutaneous trans isthmic US-guided 18G core needle biopsy (CNB) disclosed diffuse large B cell lymphoma of the thyroid gland. FDG PET revealed two distinct thyroid and gastric foci (both SUVmax 39.1). Therapy was initiated rapidly to decrease clinical symptoms in this aggressive stage III primitive malignant thyroid lymphoma. The prognostic nomogram was calculated by using a seven-item scale, which disclosed a one-year overall survival rate of 52%. The patient underwent three R-CVP chemotherapy courses, then refused further treatment and died within five months. Real-time US-guided CNB approach led to rapid patient's management that was tailored to patient's characteristics. Transformation of Maltoma into diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) into two body areas is deemed to be extremely rare.

Marginal zone lymphomas.

The three main types of marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), recognized by the current lymphoma classifications are the extranodal MZL of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, the splenic MZL, and the nodal MZL. They share some karyotype lesions (trisomies of chromosomes 3 and 18, deletions at 6q23), and alterations of the nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) pathway are also common in all of them. However, they differ in the presence of recurrent translocations, mutations affecting the Notch signaling pathway (NOTCH2 and less commonly NOTCH1), the transcription factors Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) or the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase delta (PTPRD). This review summarizes the most recent and significant advances in our understanding of the epidemiology, genetics, and biology of MZLs and outlines the current principles of the standard management of MZL at different anatomic sites.

Enhancing prognostication and personalizing treatment of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma.

INTRODUCTION: Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (EMZL) of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is an indolent lymphoma originating from marginal zone B-cells and associated with chronic inflammation. EMZL demonstrates distinct genomic alterations according to the primary extranodal site of disease but commonly affects signaling pathways including NF-ĸB, B-cell receptor, and NOTCH. Treatment with radiation therapy is commonly implemented in localized diseases, and multiple agents are available for patients with advanced-stage diseases in need of therapy. Bendamustine with rituximab is a frontline platform associated with high efficacy. AREAS COVERED: Clinical features, diagnosis, genomics, models enabling risk stratification, treatment options, and future directions. EXPERT OPINION: The lack of consistent genotyping profile in EMZL precludes the development of tissue and circulatory biomarkers for the diagnosis, risk stratification, and monitoring of minimal residual disease. Furthermore, the biological heterogeneity observed in extranodal sites associated with overall limited genomic data prevents the testing of druggable pathways aiming for a personalized treatment approach. Future clinical trials should focus on EMZL considering the unique clinical characteristics in the eligibility criteria and response assessment to better inform efficacy of novel agents and delineate sequences of therapies.